15 Common Mistakes Most Investors Make

15 Common Mistakes Most Investors Make

1. Most investors never get past the starting gate because they do not use good selection criteria. They do not know what to look for to find a successful stock. Therefore, they buy fourth-rate "nothing-towrite- home-about" stocks that are riot acting particularly well in the
marketplace and are not real market leaders.

2. A good way to ensure miserable results is to buy on the way down in price; a declining stock seems a real bargain because it's cheaper than it was a few months earlier.

\Is Your Stock in the Top Half of Its Own Group?

\Is Your Stock in the Top Half of Its Own Group?

The institutional service arranges companies within an industry in order of their current week's computerized Datagraph rating. Quality stocks in the top half of their own group are better investments in almost all cases than are stocks in the bottom half of the same group.

Because every graph measures the same crucial investment factors on a comparable basis, a manager or analyst can quickly screen every alternative in a group by comparing 120 basic factors of one stock to another. In 15 minutes, an experienced professional can pinpoint the two or three equities in a group which appear worthy of further fundamental research. The remaining stocks that do not measure up should be eliminated from additional consideration.

Industries of the Future or Past?

Industries of the Future or Past?

There will be many new subgroups in the future, imaginative applications most of us haven't thought of yet. As this endless stream of ingenious offshoots of the original mainframe industry multiply every year or two, exciting new subgroups to monitor will be added to our database.
Change and new technology are occurring in the United States at an accelerating pace. Automation is also the way we keep track of it.

After all, we are in the computer, communications, and space age. New inventions and technologies will spawn thousands of new and superior products and services. Space research should be promoted.

Industries of the future can create gigantic opportunities for everyone. Industries of the past, while at times quite interesting, may present less dazzling possibilities.

Here are a few older industries whose greatest growth was possibly in the past (unless, of course, major changes occur).
1. Steel
2. Copper
3. Aluminum
4. Gold
5. Silver
6. Oil
7. Textile
»
8. Chemical
9. Paper
10. Railroad
11. Railroad equipment
12. Utilities
13. Tobacco
14. Airlines
15. Old-line department stores

Industries of the future might include:
1. Computer, computer-related services, and software
2. Laser
3. Electronics
4. Communications
5. New concepts in retailing
6. Space exploration and research
7. Medical and drug
8. Special services

How to Utilize the News Pages in a Bear Market

How to Utilize the News Pages in a Bear Market

Below is a list of ideas that should be helpful in a declining market:

1. Are more corporate earnings reports coming in below estimates?
2. Use the new low list in conjunction with the stock tables to show a stock's % change in volume when it makes a new price low.
3. Check the 90 minigraphs of "Stocks in the News". There will be fewer stocks making new highs and more showing huge increases in volume. Those closing down in price might be selling situations in a bear market, especially if they are not extended too far below price-basing patterns.
4. Notice if there is a shift to defensive securities such as Foods, Supermarkets, Gold, Tobacco, or Utilities. See if many defensive group graphs show up in Friday's newspaper at the bottom of the general market indicators page.
5. What are the weakest industry groups and the former leading groups?
6. Are more stocks consistently underlined in the price tables than are boldfaced?
7. Monitor quarterly earnings reports daily to spot poor reports in stock positions that may need to be sold.
8. Check price tables for companies with relative strength breaking below 70 and Volume % Change up when price is down.
9. Study the daily market averages on the general market indicators page to determine bad market conditions as well as the eventual beginning of the next bull market. Observe the Mutual Fund Index and performance of foreign market averages for further clues. Is
the Fund Index persistently below its 200-day moving average line?
10. Watch for special news items daily on companies, industries, or the economy. And be sure to check the NASDAQ chart.
11. Track weakening stocks that perhaps should be sold.
12. Which sector indexes are the weakest?
13. Save and study the New America page to get ready for the next bull
market.

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Be Alert to Stocks with the Greatest % Change in Volume

Be Alert to Stocks with the Greatest % Change in Volume

All newspapers show the 15 most active stocks, usually consisting of securities like IBM, AT&T, or General Motors, which each normally trade more than a million shares a day. Investor's Business Daily, on the other hand, shows a table of the "Common Stocks with the Greatest % Rise in Volume." This spotlights companies that have the largest increase above their own last 50 days of average daily trading volume.

The list is valuable because the computer surveillance picks up the small- and medium-sized, innovative, entrepreneurial organizations that may have a 500% increase in trading volume but never reach a total volume figure large enough to make the more commonly followed "Most
Active" lists. These sophisticated screens may not appear in other publications. Pay close attention to the boldfaced stocks on the list.

Some newspapers list the stocks that are up most, percentagewise, in price. This list is almost universally worthless because it will show a $2 stock up /s of a point as stock up in price the greatest percent. They also show preferred stocks in the list. Low-priced stocks and preferred
issues are of little use to most informed investors. You can't get rich prospecting in the junk pile.

Eliminating the cheaper, less relevant, low-quality stocks, plus the preferred issues, and concentrating on a meaningful list of 25 of the more significant securities or higher is more useful. Stocks in this list that have options listed show a small "o" after the company's name
to assist option traders.

Most newspapers typically provide a small block, "How to Read the Daily Stock Tables." Be absolutely sure to read these instructions as you would directions to any new product you buy. You'll learn many helpful facts that will save you money.

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The Five Dumbest Mistakes Mutual Fund Investors Can Make

The Five Dumbest Mistakes Mutual Fund Investors Can Make

1. Failing to sit tight for an absolute minimum of 10 to 15 years.
2. Worrying about a fund's management fee, turnover rate, or dividends
paid.
3. Being affected by news in the market when you're supposed to be
investing for the long pull.
4. Selling out during bad markets.
5. Being impatient and losing confidence too soon.

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Why Many People Lose Money in Top-Performing Funds

Why Many People Lose Money in Top-Performing Funds

Believe it or not, half of the people invested in some of the best-performing funds in the country may lose money. How can that happen? Very few people buy during a bear market.

Are Monthly Investment Plans for You?

Are Monthly Investment Plans for You?

I do not generally favor monthly investment plans, where an investor adds Rs 5000 or so every month to a fund program. My reason is practical. Most people do not stick with them religiously. Therefore, they delude themselves by thinking they are going to achieve substantive long-term goals with such plans. If, on the other hand, you can have money automatically .

Checking Management Fees and Turnover Rates

Checking Management Fees and Turnover Rates

Some investors try to evaluate the management fees and portfolio turnover rate of a fund. In most cases this nit-picking is not necessary.

In my experience, some of the best-performing growth funds have higher turnover rates. The Fidelity Magellan Fund, during its three biggest performance years, averaged an annual turnover rate of over 350%.

Should You Buy a Global or International Fund?

Should You Buy a Global or International Fund?

Yes, these could be a sound investment and provide further diversification, but I would definitely limit the percent of your total fund investment investments. International funds can, after a period of good performance, suffer several years of laggard poor performance.

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How Many Funds Should You Own?

How Many Funds Should You Own?

As time passes, you may discover a second fund you would also like to begin accumulating in another long-term program. If so, do it. At the end of 10 or 15 years, you might own a worthwhile amount of two or even three funds, but there is no reason to diversify broadly, so don't overdo it. Those rare individuals with multimilliori-dollar portfolios could spread out in more funds which would allow them to

How about Income Funds?

How about Income Funds?

If you need income, you may find it more advantageous not to buy an income fund. Instead, you could select the best possible fund available and set up a withdrawal plan equal to l!x>% per quarter or 6% or 7% per year.

Part of the withdrawal would come from dividend income received and part from your capital, but the fund should generate enough growth over the years to more than offset the withdrawal of capital, if it is limited to 6% or 7% per year.

How to Become a Millionaire the Easy Way In Mutual Funds

How to Become a Millionaire the Easy Way In Mutual Funds

Here is what I regard as the ideal manner for a shrewd mutual fund investor to plan and invest. Pick a diversified domestic growth fund that performed in the top quartile of all mutual funds over the last three to five years. It will probably have averaged an annual rate of return of about 20%. The fund should also have a better-than-average record in the latest 12 months when compared to other domestic growth stock funds.

The fund can be either a no-load, with no commission, or load, or one where a sales commission is charged. If you buy a fund with a sales charge, discounts are offered according to the amount you invest and some funds have back-end loads which you may want to check.

Should You Invest in Real Estate?

Should You Invest in Real Estate?

Should you invest in real estate? Yes, at the right time and in the right place. In the past, a greater percentage of individual investors in real estate have probably made money than have investors in stocks.

I am completely convinced that every able-bodied citizen should work toward either owning a home, a savings account, or common stock.Two-thirds of American families report they own their own homes.

Should You Buy Gold, Silver, or Diamonds?

Should You Buy Gold, Silver, or Diamonds?

Should you invest in gold, silver, diamonds, or other precious metals or stones? Some investors have lost a great deal of money investing in such commodities.

Many of these items were once promoted in a superaggressive fashion with little protection afforded the small investor. There was no SEC to protect against exaggerated, or possibly fraudulent, claims made by some dealers in precious metals. Many books were written boldly pre dieting gold would bolt to several thousand dollars and our country would go down the drain.

Do You Belong in Futures?

Do You Belong in Futures?

Should you speculate in commodities or other futures? Probably not. Commodity futures are extremely volatile and much more speculative than most common stocks are. It is not an arena for the inexperienced or small investor unless you want to gamble or lose money quickly.

However, once an investor has four or five years' experience and has unquestionably proven his or her ability to make money in common stocks, the "strong of heart" might consider this medium.

Should You Buy Foreign Stocks?

Should You Buy Foreign Stocks?

How about foreign stocks? Don't they have terrific potential? Yes, a few foreign stocks have great potential at the right time and the right place, but I don't advise individual investors to waste much time investing in foreign stocks.

The potential profit should be two or three times as large as that in a standout U.S. company to justify the additional risk of owning a foreign stock. For example, the player in foreign securities must understand and follow closely the general market of the particular country involved.

Should You Buy New Stock Issues?

Should You Buy New Stock Issues?

Should the average individual investor buy new issues on the initial offering? I don't generally recommend it. There are several reasons.

First, the few outstanding new issues are going to be in such hot demand by institutions that if you are able to buy them on the offering, you may only be able to buy a tiny allotment. If you can acquire all the stock you want, in many cases it may not be an outstanding issue.

Are Warrants Safe Investments?

Are Warrants Safe Investments?

Most investors should shy away from low-priced warrants. It is another complex specialized field that sounds fine in concept but which few investors understand. Warrants give a person the right to buy so many shares of a company's common stock at a specific price, up to a certain date.

Are Income Stocks Recommended?

Are Income Stocks Recommended?

I do not believe most people should buy common stocks for dividends or income. In theory, income stocks should be safer, but don't be lulled into believing they can't decline sharply.

People think utility and bank stocks are conservative and that you can just sit and hold them because you are getting your dividends.

How about Tax-Free Securities and Tax Shelters?

 How about Tax-Free Securities and Tax Shelters?

Should you consider tax-free securities and tax shelters? No, I don't  think the average investor should use these investment vehicles.

People seeking too many tax benefits frequently end up investing in questionable or risky ventures. The investment decision should always be considered first and tax considerations made a distant second.

Should You Own Convertible Bonds?

Should You Own Convertible Bonds?

I do not recommend that the average investor buy convertible bonds. Sometimes investors are attracted to this medium because they can borrow heavily and leverage their commitment. This simply increases your risk. Excessive leverage can be dangerous.

The theory goes that a convertible bond will almost rise as fast as the common stock rises, but the convertible bond will decline less during downturns. As it goes with most theories, the reality may be quite different.  There is also a liquidity question to consider, since many convertible bond markets may dry up in extremely difficult periods.

Short-Term Options Arc More Risky

Short-Term Options Arc More Risky

If you buy options, you are better off buying longer time period options—six months, or so. This will minimize the chance your option will run out of time before your stock has had a chance to perform.

Now that I've told you this, what do you think most investors do? They buy shorter-term options, 30 days to 90 days, because these options are cheaper and move faster in both directions, up and down!

What to Do about a Margin Call

What to Do about a Margin Call

One last bit of wisdom. Never answer a margin call. If the stocks you have in your margin account collapse in value to a point where your stockbroker issues a margin call for you to put up money or sell stock, don't put up money—think about selling stock. Nine times out of ten you will be better off, because the marketplace is telling you that you are on the wrong path and things aren't working. So sell and cut back your risk level. Why put good money after bad?

Do Not Day Trade

Do Not Day Trade

One type of stock trading you definitely do not want to engage in is day trading, or day-to-day trading, where you try to buy and sell a stock on the same day. The reason is simple. You are dealing with minor daily fluctuations which are much harder to determine than are basic trends.

Should You Invest for the Long Pull, or Trade?

Should You Invest for the Long Pull, or Trade?

If you decide to concentrate, should you invest for the long pull, or trade? The time period is not the main issue. Buying the right stock — the very best stock — at precisely the right time is the imperative issue. Sell this stock whenever the market or your various sell rules tell you it
is time to sell. This time period could either be short-term or long-term. Let your rules and the market decide and determine how long to hold each stock.

If you do this, some of your winners will be held for three months, some for six months and a few for one, two, three years or even more. Most of your losses will be held for a shorter time period, normally from a few weeks up to three months.

No well-run portfolio should ever have losses that have been carried for six months or more. Keep your portfolio clean and in touch with the times. Good gardeners always weed the flower patch.

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When to Be Patient and Hold a Stock

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When to Be Patient and Hold a Stock

1. After a new purchase, draw a red defensive sell line on a daily or weekly graph at the precise price level where you will sell and cut When to Sell and Take Your Profit 107 your loss. In the first 1 /£ to 2 years of a new bull market, you may want to give stocks this much room on the downside and hold until the price touches the sell line before taking defensive action.

The defensive, loss-cutting sell line may in some instances be raised but kept below the low of the first normal correction after your initial purchase. If you raise your sell point, don't move it up too close to the current price, because any normal little weakness will shake you out of your stock. If your stock increases 15% or more after a correct purchase, move the defensive sell line up to less than 5% below the pivot
purchase price.

I do not think you should continue to follow a stock up by raising stop-loss orders because you will be forced out near the low of an inevitable, natural correction. Once your stock is 15% above your purchase price, you can begin to concentrate on the definite price where you will sell on the way up to nail down your short-term profit.

2. Your objective is to buy the best stock with the best earnings at exactly the right time and have the patience to hold it until you have been proven right or wrong. You should give securities 13 weeks after your first purchase week before you conclude that a stock that hasn't moved is a dull, faulty selection. This, of course, applies only
if the stock did not reach your defensive sell price first.

3. Always pay attention to the general market. If you initiate new purchases when the market averages are topping and beginning to reverse direction, you will likely have trouble holding the stocks bought. (Most breakouts will fail.)

5. Major advances require time to complete. Don't take profits during the first eight weeks of a move unless the stock gets into serious trouble or is having a two- or three-week "climax" rapid runup on a stock split. Stocks that show a 20% profit in less than eight weeks should be held through the eight weeks unless they are of poor quality without institutional sponsorship or strong group action. In certain cases, dramatic stocks advancing 20% or more in only four or five weeks are the most powerful stocks of all, capable of increases of 100%, 200%, or more. You can try for long-term moves in many of them, once your account shows a good profit and you are ahead for
the year.

5. If you own a dynamic leader or a stock belonging to a leading group, you may want to hold it at least until its weekly close is below its 10- week moving-average price line on increased volume. Some outstanding leaders go an amazing distance before this occurs.

6. If possible, try to hold through the stock's first short-term correction once you already have a profit. 8. Holding for a long-term gain during the early stage of a new bull market, in many cases, may force you to stick to your position long enough to make a big gain. Remember, the object is not to be right, but to make big money when you are right.

A Revised Profit-and-Loss Plan

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A Revised Profit-and-Loss Plan

I found that successful stocks, after breaking out, tend to move up 20% to 25% and then decline, build a new base, and in some cases resume their advance. Therefore, I created a rule that I would buy exactly at the pivot buy point, not pyramid more than 5% past the buy point and would sell each stock when it was up 20% from the breakout point.

The Certain-teed case had been so powerful, however, that it had increased 20% in just two weeks' time. This was the type of big winner I was hoping to find and capitalize on the next time around. Therefore, one important exception was made in the "sell at + 20%
rule." If the stock was so strong that it vaulted 20% in less than eight weeks, the stock had to be held at least eight weeks. Then it would be analyzed to see if the stock should be held for a possible six-month, longterm capital gain (six months was the capital gains period at that time). If stocks declined below their purchase price by 8%, they would be sold and the loss taken.

In summary, here was the revised profit-and-loss plan: Take 20% profits when you have them (except with the most powerful of all stocks) and cut losses at 8%.

The plan had several enormous advantages. You could be wrong twice and right once and still not get into financial trouble. When you were right and wanted to follow up with another buy in the same stock a few points higher, you were frequently forced into a decision to sell one of your weakest-performing holdings. The questionable money continually was force-fed into the best investments.

Also, you were utilizing your money in a far more efficient mariner. You could make two or three 20% plays in a good year, and you did not have to sit through so many prolonged, unproductive corrections in price while a stock built a whole new base for many months.

A 20% gain in three to six months was substantially more productive than a 20% gain that took 12 months to achieve. Two 20% gains in one year equaled a 40% annual rate of return, and if you were using 50% margin, your return would be a whopping 80%.

Should You Average Down in Price?

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Should You Average Down in Price?

One of the worst mistakes I have seen some stockbrokers make is to be reluctant to call customers whose stocks are down in price from what they paid for them. That is the very time a client is unsure and may need some help and reassurance. To shirk duty in the difficult periods is not very professional and shows a lack of courage, or "guts," under pressure.

About the only sin that is worse is for brokers to take themselves offthe hook by advising customers to average down and buy more of the stock that already shows a loss. If a broker advised me to do this, I would close my account and look for a smarter broker.

Everyone loves to buy stocks; no one loves to sell stocks. As long as you hold a stock, you still have hope it might come back up at least enough to get you out even. Once you sell, you abandon all hope and accept the cold reality of defeat. Investors are always hoping rather than being realistic. You just can't afford to have a love affair with any stock.

Let's see where the real problem lies. Does the fact that you want a stock to go up so you can at least get out even have anything to do with the action of the stock market?
The stock market only obeys the law of supply and demand. So try to overcome this harmful emotion because it has absolutely nothing to do with the action of your stocks.

A great trader once said, "There are only two emotions in the market— hope and fear. The only problem is we hope when we should fear and we fear when we should hope."

"I'm A Long-Term Investor; I'm Not Worried; I'm Still Getting My Dividends"

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"I'm A Long-Term Investor; I'm Not Worried; I'm Still Getting My Dividends"

Another risky statement is to say to yourself, "I'm not worried about my stocks being down because they are good stocks, and I'm still getting my dividends." This is naive because good stocks can go down as much as opinion that they are good stocks.

Furthermore, if your stocks are down 25% in value, isn't it rather absurd to say you're all right because you are getting a 4% yield? A 25% loss plus a 4% income gain makes a big fat 21% net loss.

If you aspire to be a successful investor, you must face facts—most of the reactions you have about taking losses are rationalizations, because no one wants to take losses. You have to do many things you don't want to do to increase your chances of success in the stock market. You must develop exact rules and tough-minded selling disciplines.

All Common Stocks Arc Speculative

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All Common Stocks Arc Speculative

There is considerable speculation in all common stocks, regardless of their name, quality, or purported blue chip status. Every 50% loss began as a 10% or 20% loss. Having the raw courage to sell and cheerfully take your loss is the only way you can protect yourself against the possibility of greater losses. Decision and action should
be instantaneous and simultaneous. To be a winner, you have to learn to make decisions.

If a stock gets away from you and the loss becomes larger than 10% or 15%, which can occasionally happen to anyone, the stock normally should be sold anyway.

In fact, in my experience the ones that get away from you for larger than normal losses are usually the really awful selections that must be sold. It is wise to remind yourself, "If I let a stock drop 50%, I must make a 100% gain on the next stock just to get even, and how often do I  buy stocks that double?"

It is a dangerous fallacy to assume that because a stock goes down, it has to come back up. Many don't, and some take years to recover. American Telephone and Telegraph hit a high of $75 in 1964 and took 20 years to come back.

Take Your Losses Quickly and Your Profits Slowly

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Take Your Losses Quickly and Your Profits Slowly

There is an old investment saying that the first loss in the market is the smallest loss. In my view, the way to make investment decisions is to take your losses quickly and your profits slowly. Yet most investors get emo-Even after all this explanation, most investors will still ask, "Shouldn't we sit with stocks rather than selling and taking a loss? How about unusual situations where some bad news suddenly hits and causes price declines? Does this loss-cutting procedure apply all the time, or are there exceptions— like a company has a good, new product?" It doesn't change the situation one bit. You must protect your hard-earned pool of capital.

Letting your losses run is the most serious mistake made by almost all investors! You positively must accept that mistakes in either timing or selection of stocks are going to be made by even the most professional investors. In fact, I would go so far as to say if you aren't willing to cut short and take your losses, then you probably should not buy stocks. Would you drive your car down the street without brakes?

Cutting Losses Is like Buying an Insurance Policy

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Cutting Losses Is like Buying an Insurance Policy

This policy of limiting losses is similar to paying insurance premiums. You reduce your risk to exactly the amount you are willing to take. Granted, many, many times the stock you sell will immediately turn around and go up. You will probably get very perturbed and think you made the wrong decision if the stock afterwards rebounds in price.

If you bought insurance on your car last year and didn't have an accident,did you waste your money? Are you going to buy the same insurance  this year? Of course you are!
Did you buy fire insurance on your home or business last year? If your home did not burn down last year, are you upset because you made a bad financial decision? You don't buy fire insurance because you know your house is going to burn down. You buy insurance just in case, to protect you from the remote possibility of a serious loss. It is the same for the winning investor who cuts losses quickly and closely; he or she wants to protect against the possible chance of a larger potentially devastating loss from
which it may not be possible to recover.

Some people have even damaged their health agonizing over declining stocks they were holding. In this situation, it is best to sell and stop worrying.

I know a stockbroker who bought Brunswick in 1961 at $60. When it dropped to $50, he bought more, and when it dropped to $40, he added again. When it dropped to $30, he dropped dead on the golf course. Never argue with the market—your health and peace of mind are always more important than any stock!

Small losses are cheap insurance and the only kind of insurance you can buy on your investments. Even if a number of the stocks move up after you sell, which many of them surely will, you have accomplished your critical objective of keeping all your losses small. And you still have your money to try again for a winner in another stock.

If you can keep the average of all your mistakes and losses to 5% or 6%, you will be like the professional football team that opponents can never score yardage on. If you don't give up many first downs, how can they ever beat you?

Limit Your Losses to 7% or 8% of Your Cost

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Limit Your Losses to 7% or 8% of Your Cost

Individual investors should consider adopting a firm plan to try to limit the loss on initial invested capital in each stock to an absolute maximum of 7% or 8%. Because of position size problems and broad diversification which lessen risk, most institutional investors do not usually follow such a quick loss-cutting plan. This is a terrific advantage you, the individual investor, have over the institution, so use it.I am talking about cutting your loss when it is 7% or 8% below the price you paid. Once you are ahead and have a good profit, you can afford to, and should, allow the stock more than 7% or 8% room for normal fluctuations in price. Do not sell a stock just because it's off 7% to 8% from its peak price.

When the late Gerald M. Loeb of E. F. Hutton was writing his last book on the stock market, I had the pleasure of discussing this issue with him in my office. In his first work, The Battle for Investment Survival, Loeb advocated cutting all losses at 10%. I was curious and asked him if he followed the 10% loss policy himself. He said, "I would hope to be out long before they ever reach 10%."

Bill Astrop, president of Astrop Advisory Corporation in Atlanta, Georgia, suggests a minor revision of the 10% loss-cutting plan. He feels individual investors should sell half of their position in a stock if it is down 5% from their cost and the other half once it is down 10% below the price paid.

To preserve your hard-earned money, I think 7% or 8% should be the limit. Your overall average of all losses should be less, perhaps 5% or 6% if you are strict and fast on your feet. There is no rule that says you have to wait until every single loss reaches
7% to 8% before you take it. On occasion, you can sense that the market or your stock isn't acting right or that you are starting off amiss.Then you can cut the loss sooner, when a stock may be down only one or two points.

ALSO, 7% TO 8% BELOW YOUR PURCHASE PRICE IS THE ABSOLUTE LIMIT. Once you get to that point, you can no longer hesitate. You can't think about it or wait a few more days to see what might happen. It now becomes automatic—no more vacillating—sell, and sell immediately at the market. The fact that you are down 7% or 8% below your cost is the reason you are selling. You don't need any other reason. At this time nothing else should have a bearing on the situation. 

When Does a Loss Become a Loss?

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When Does a Loss Become a Loss?

When you say, "I can't sell a stock because I don't want to take a loss," you assume that what you want has some bearing on the situation. Yet the stock does not know who you are, and it doesn't care what you hope or want.

Furthermore, you may believe that if you sell the stock you will be takingthe loss, but selling doesn't give you the loss; you already have it. If  you think a loss is not incurred until you sell the stock, you may be kidding yourself. The larger the paper loss, the more real it will become.

For example, if you paid $40 per share for 100 shares of Ace Chemical, and it's currently worth $28 per share, you have $2800 worth of stock that cost you $4000. You have a $1200 loss. Whether you convert it to cash or hold the stock, it is only worth $2800.

You took your loss as this stock dropped in price even though you didn't sell; now you will probably be better off selling the stock and going back to a cash position. You can think more objectively with cash in your stock account than you can if you're worrying about a stock that has lost money for you. Anyway, there are other securities where your chance of recouping your loss could be far greater.

Here's another suggestion that may help you decide whether or not to sell. Pretend you don't own the stock and you have $2800 in the bank. Then ask yourself this question, "Do I really want to buy this stock now?" If your answer is "no," then why are you holding it?

How the Normal Investor Thinks

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How the Normal Investor Thinks

Let's examine how the normal investor thinks and makes decisions. If you are a typical investor, you probably keep records of your transactions in the market, perhaps in the following manner:

When you think about selling a stock, you likely look at your records to see what price you paid for the stock, don't you? If you have a profit, you may sell; if you have a loss, you will wait rather than take the loss. After all, you didn't invest in the market to lose money.

So, in this example, you may decide to sell your Luby's Cafeterias or Wal-Mart Stores stock because they show a profit. But these are the stocks you should consider keeping. Instead, you should probably sell one of the stocks showing a loss, like Navistar or Storage Technology.

If you're the type of person who would have been inclined to sell Luby's, the entire basis of your sell decision is unwise, resulting from the "price-paid bias" which 95% of investors have.

Suppose you paid $30 for a stock two years ago. Today it is $34. You may sell it because you've made a profit. But what does the price you paid for that stock two years ago have to do with its worth today—or whether it should be held or sold now?

Suppose you paid $40 for the same stock six months earlier and, therefore, have a loss today. Does this change its future potential? Probably not! What you paid for a stock years ago or whether you have a profit or loss may have little to do with future potential. 

Should You Have Several Brokerage Accounts?

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Should You Have Several Brokerage Accounts?

Some customers have accounts with two or three different brokers. In most cases such a practice is silly, since your account won't be as important to any one broker. You may also receive conflicting advice, which will be confusing and costly. Money is made in the stock market by concentrating, not scattering. The same should go for your brokerage account. Concentrate your activity with the best stockbroker you can find. If this doesn't work well after a year or two, change and find another broker.

If you are more accomplished and make your own buy-and-sell decisions, you might want to consider a discount broker. You could save as much as 50% on the cost of commissions. Discount brokerage firms have grown and increased their share of the retail securities business ever since the advent of negotiated commissions in May 1975.

If you don't know the name or location of a stock brokerage firm that is a member of the New York Stock Exchange, look in the yellow pages of your local telephone book. The reason I suggest a New York Stock Exchange firm is that NYSE membership in the securities industry is a little like the Good Housekeeping seal of approval. It certainly doesn't guarantee you will make money; however, you will be dealing with a more substantial organization. Members usually pay several hundred thousand dollars or much more just to buy a seat on the New York Stock Exchange.

Stock exchange firms also have many rules and regulations to which they must adhere. And they are subject to surprise audits and annual examinations from the stock exchange.

Conversely, some firms that are only members of the NASD, the National Association of Securities Dealers, and perhaps a local or regional exchange, may have too easily gained entrance into the securities business. They may not be backed up with as substantial a capital base.

If you've never opened an account with a brokerage firm, don't be timid or reluctant to visit one. It's simple and easy, just like opening an account with your local bank or savings and loan. You will have to fill out and sign new account papers before you will be able to buy or sell any stock. You may open a single account or, if you're married, you may want to open a joint account. The broker will also ask for credit references,
such as your bank. All brokerage firms have a regular commission schedule which they should be able to show you. The commission generally averages from 1% to 2% to buy or sell a stock.

When you buy or sell stock, you will receive a confirmation in the mail (a small slip of paper) which will show what stock you bought or  sold, the price paid or received, the commission paid, and the total dollar amount you owe or will receive if you sold a stock. It will also show the settlement date by which the transaction must be settled.

It's best to pay these bills immediately on receipt since they will be due in a few days. Stock certificates must be delivered to your broker properly endorsed without delay when you wish to sell a stock, otherwise the transaction can't be settled on time. Sometimes stock powers (legal endorsements) can be signed and mailed separately to your broker.

It is usually more convenient for both you and the NYSE firm to hold your stock certificates in street name (the brokerage company name), where they are held in safekeeping for you by the brokerage firm. All accounts are insured to $500,000 by the Securities Investor Protection Corporation, and additional insurance is carried by most firms. Certificates are kept in a vault, so they should be safer than if you try to take care of them yourself. 

Finding a Broker, Opening an Account, and What It Costs to Buy Stocks

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Finding a Broker, Opening an Account, and What It Costs to Buy Stocks

Branch offices of most New York Stock Exchange firms have a broker of the day. He or she will probably be called a registered representative (RR), an account executive (AE), or an investment consultant (1C). This is the person you will likely talk to if you visit a broker's office looking for information or to open an account.

How do you find a competent stockbroker? I suggest you follow a slightly different procedure. Go to the office of the firm you choose and ask to see the office manager
or vice president in charge of the office. Introduce yourself to the manager. Say you are considering opening a new account but would like to deal with a broker that has definitely been successful at making money in his or her own personal account and for most customers' accounts.

This person should have already been a broker for two or three years or more and possibly be 27 or older. But don't be too impressed with age. The registered representative you're looking for could be young, middle-aged, or older. Age or years of experience is certainly no sign that a broker is a very successful student of the stock market. Did you ever hear the story about the schoolteacher who had 25 years' experience but was turned down for a job by a new principal? The principal felt the teacher didn't have 25 years' experience, but just
one year's experience 25 times over.

Ask Questions....It's Your Money

When you meet the broker recommended to you, ask how he or she gets stock ideas and research information. Don't be afraid to ask a lot of questions. It's your money.

You could ask about the broker's investment philosophies, beliefs, and methods. What are two or three of the best stock market books he or she has read? If the broker can't easily name a few, then maybe you should be a little cautious.

If the broker relies solely on his or her own firm's research department for ideas, information, and reports, you may be better off visiting with a few other brokerage firms before you decide where to open your account.

The better brokers will show more initiative, perhaps by subscribing to a chart service or Investor's Business Daily on their own, and will probably have several other sources of information, ideas, and research.

Following brokerage firm research department reports is not necessarily an outstanding way to find money-making investment ideas. When I was a broker with a major New York Stock Exchange firm years ago, I never followed any of the firm's research because it wasn't too astute. Brokers that have attended Investor's Business Daily all-day workshops certainly should be far more knowledgeable than those who haven't.

The Best Monetary (Money) Indicators

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The Best Monetary (Money) Indicators

Money market indicators mirror general economic activity. I follow selected government and Federal Reserve Board measurements, including 10 indicators of the supply and demand for money and indicators of  interest rate levels.

History proves that the direction of the general market, as well as of several industry groups, is often affected by changes in interest rates. Because the level of interest rates is usually tied to Federal Reserve tightor- easy monetary policy, you may want to be aware of measures such as reserve requirements for member banks, the Ml and M2 money supply percent rate of change, federal funds rate, consumer price index, memberbank reserves, ratio of government securities holdings to bank loans, 90-day Treasury Bill yields, and U.S. Treasury Bond prices.

These monetary indicators might help you anticipate future government policy decisions and their effects on the stock market, individual stocks, and the American economy. Changes in 90-day Treasury Bill rates and the erratic and tricky Fed Funds rate sometimes help predict impending discount rate changes. The monetary base and the velocity of money are other important measures used by professionals. The Fed also watches economic data such as unemployment figures and Gross National Product (GNP) changes.

Don't be discouraged if the subject of monetary indicators seems complex; it is. Few economists, few presidents, virtually no one in Congress, and even few people at the Federal Reserve, including some heads of the Fed, understand it as well as they should. This is just one of the many reasons why the Fed should probably remain relatively independent and not subject to political control or extreme pressure from the Congress. It might, however, be constructive to let the term of office for the head of the Fed coincide with the presi- For the investor, the simplest and most relevant monetary indicator to follow and understand is the changes in the Federal Reserve Board discount rate. With the advent of program trading and various hedging devices, some funds use such techniques to hedge portions of their portfolio in an attempt to provide some downside protection during risky markets. The degree to which these are successful again depends greatly on skill and timing, but one possible effect for some managers may be to lessen the pressure to have to dump portfolio securities on the market.

More and more funds operate under a plan of very wide diversification and a fully or near fully invested policy at all times. This is because most managers have difficulty in getting out and into cash at the right time and, most importantly, then getting back in fast enough to participate in the initial powerful rebound off the ultimate bottom.